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Water softening, i.e. the process by which hardness is removed, can substantially be achieved by using three different processes, each of which in turn involves collateral results.
Cold Process Softening and Clarification
The reactivator/clariflocculator providing forced sludge circulation is used in cold process softening with the introduction of lime and caustic soda; it is applied especially for purifying surface water containing suspended solids, colouring material and organic impurities, in which cases clarification of the water by coagulation is also necessary.
The reactivator therefore provides a highly efficient combination of both processes (softening and clarification); the characteristics and advantages of the process may be briefly summarized as follows:
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More complete reactions, with minimum requirement of chemical reagents due to the intimate and prolonged contact of the water and chemicals with the previously formed precipitates |
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More uniform ultimate results, owing to the complete contact between the solids, regardless of changes in flow intensity |
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Reduced effluent turbidity and reduced outflow of suspended materials because of the filtration to which the water is subjected by crossing a zone of previously accumulated concentrated precipitates |
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Continuous efficient removal of the sludge by a separate sludge scraper, resulting in reduced loss of drain water |
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Possibility to treat extra large volumes without affecting effluent quality |
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Possibility to provide, with correct operation, an effluent with very low turbidity in terms of ppm’s, a factor which makes possible substantial load reduction on the downstream filters, with considerably more extended filtering cycles. |
Hot Process Softening
For this specific type of process, Graver/Termokimik can place at the disposal of Customers a wide range of softeners apt to reduce hardness, alkalinity, silica content and total dissolved solids in the raw water to the very minimum, thereby avoiding the hazard of scaling and corrosion of the equipment coming in contact with the treated feedwater. As compared to cold softeners, hot process softeners afford the following advantages:
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Improved softening efficiency with a given excess of chemical substances, resulting from a more complete and intimate contact of the water and chemical reagents with the previously formed precipitates |
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Clearer treated water due to lower ascending sedimentation rate |
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Less load on the downstream filters, hence reduced number of backwash cycles |
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Complete degasification obtained by the particular design of the softener, which contemplates internal deaeration |
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Greater efficiency in silica removal due to the intimate and extended contact of the water with MgO. |
Softening by Ion Exchange Resins in Sodium Cycle
This process consists in replacing, by means of regenerated ion exchange resins in sodium cycle, the calcium and magnesium salts present in the water with the corresponding sodium salts.
It is thus possible to obtain water with residual hardness of less than 1 ppm, by a process affording the lowest possible initial and operating costs.
The wide experience and expertise of Graver/Termokimik in this particular sector are a sure guarantee for the Customer of the best type of system for any kind of application requiring the use of softened water.
Sterilisation System
Termokimik has designed, manufactured and started-up different systems for the sterilisation of waters, which include the storage and metering of liquid chlorine and gaseous chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone. These applications are utilised for the disinfection of potable waters, the deodorisation and disinfection of cooling water circuits.
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